{"id":115527,"date":"2025-03-18T11:49:44","date_gmt":"2025-03-18T10:49:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kosovotwopointzero.com\/?p=115527"},"modified":"2025-03-18T12:52:34","modified_gmt":"2025-03-18T11:52:34","slug":"resistance-in-impossible-conditions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/en\/resistance-in-impossible-conditions\/","title":{"rendered":"Resistance in impossible conditions"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"115527\" class=\"elementor elementor-115527 elementor-114888\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6796e74 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6796e74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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         <span class=\"wpml-ls-native icl_lang_sel_native\">ENG<\/span><\/a>\n\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"wpml-ls-sub-menu\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"icl-sq wpml-ls-slot-shortcode_actions wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-sq wpml-ls-first-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\" class=\"wpml-ls-link\" target=\"_blank\">\n                            <span class=\"wpml-ls-native icl_lang_sel_native\" lang=\"sq\">SHQ<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"icl-sr wpml-ls-slot-shortcode_actions wpml-ls-item wpml-ls-item-sr wpml-ls-last-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/sr\/\" class=\"wpml-ls-link\" target=\"_blank\">\n                            <span class=\"wpml-ls-native icl_lang_sel_native\" lang=\"sr\">B\/C\/S<\/span><\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\n\t\t<\/li>\n\n\t<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7dc2312 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7dc2312\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bb3d70c\" data-id=\"bb3d70c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5721532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5721532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2560\" height=\"1676\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114518\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-1024x670.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-768x503.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-1536x1006.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-2048x1341.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta-Feature-Image-enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe-326x213.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a9bb9ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a9bb9ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92641b4\" data-id=\"92641b4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0082fc7 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0082fc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-xs\" href=\"https:\/\/kosovotwopointzero.com\/en\/longform\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Longform<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2436819 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2436819\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1ed1dda\" data-id=\"1ed1dda\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c571b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c571b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Resistance in impossible conditions\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90d74c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90d74c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mass firings, apartheid and the struggle for the right moment to achieve independence.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26692a7 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"26692a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1541214 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1541214\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/kosovotwopointzero.com\/en\/author\/shkumbinbrestovci\/\" style=\"border-bottom: 1.3px solid yellow;\" target=\"_blank\">By Shkumbin Brestovci<\/a>  | March 18, 2025<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9454714 elementor-shape-square e-grid-align-left elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"9454714\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-facebook elementor-repeater-item-5e387e1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Kosovo2.0\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Facebook<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-facebook\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-twitter elementor-repeater-item-7ae3a81\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/kosovo2point0\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Twitter<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-twitter\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-instagram elementor-repeater-item-8daffd8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/kosovo2point0\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Instagram<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i class=\"fab fa-instagram\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d30208a elementor-widget-divider--view-line_text elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d30208a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e061edb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e061edb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d5e4fa\" data-id=\"0d5e4fa\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73fb673 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73fb673\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Monday, September 3, 1990, the first day of school, the streets were empty, the market deserted and the shops closed. Prishtina looked like a ghost town. In fact, all of Kosovo was on strike that day.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Union of Independent Trade Unions of Kosovo (BSPK), formed just a few months earlier, had called on workers to stage a one-day general strike as a symbolic act of protest against the illegal dismissal of over 15,000 Albanian workers. The strike was also meant to send a clear message to the regime of Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, then the president of Serbia, that without the labor of Albanian workers, despite their marginalization in society, many aspects of life in Kosovo would be paralyzed. Craftsmen, traders, farmers and nearly the entire population joined the strike.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the time, Kosovo had a population of around 1.9 million. Approximately 230,000 Albanians were employed in the public sector, while the working-age population numbered around 1 million. Only around 7,000, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stat.gov.rs\/publikacije\/\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">at least according to official Yugoslav statistics<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, were employed in the private sector, which had only just begun to grow.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51f41f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51f41f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8965c6e\" data-id=\"8965c6e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8935a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f8935a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_001-dyqanet-e-mbylluna-ne-aksionin-simbolik-me-3-shtator-1990.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114491\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_001-dyqanet-e-mbylluna-ne-aksionin-simbolik-me-3-shtator-1990.jpg 1920w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_001-dyqanet-e-mbylluna-ne-aksionin-simbolik-me-3-shtator-1990-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_001-dyqanet-e-mbylluna-ne-aksionin-simbolik-me-3-shtator-1990-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_001-dyqanet-e-mbylluna-ne-aksionin-simbolik-me-3-shtator-1990-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_001-dyqanet-e-mbylluna-ne-aksionin-simbolik-me-3-shtator-1990-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_001-dyqanet-e-mbylluna-ne-aksionin-simbolik-me-3-shtator-1990-326x183.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The Union of Independent Trade Unions of Kosovo\u2019s call for a one-day general strike was answered by almost all of Kosovo. On September 3, 1990, the streets were empty, and shops were closed. Photos: Enver Bylykbashi<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f090bfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f090bfa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-98f2176\" data-id=\"98f2176\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-172362f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"172362f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Strikes are often a very powerful tool of resistance because they can cause significant economic damage to a regime. However, as we came to understand, this regime did not care about either the economy or the value of labor.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By the late 1970s, the entire Eastern Bloc was experiencing the rapid decline of the socialist planned economy, a crisis that only deepened throughout the 1980s. The word \u201ccrisis\u201d became the most overused term among the cadres of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, who debated day and night about possible solutions to problems, many of which were entirely fabricated.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the most widely discussed of these fabricated problems in Kosovo and Serbia in the 1980s was the case of \u0110or\u0111e Martinovi\u0107. On May 1, 1985, Martinovi\u0107, a 65-year-old man from Gjilan, arrived at the city&#8217;s hospital with a broken bottle lodged in his anus. At first, he claimed that two Albanians had attacked him while he was working in his field. A few days later, on May 7, the Secretariat of Internal Affairs (SUP) issued a statement saying that Martinovi\u0107 had confessed that he had inflicted the injuries on himself. Various investigative teams were then assembled to assess the course of events. As documented by American author Julie Mertus in her book \u201cKosovo: How Myths and Truths Started a War,\u201d there were at least four different opinions regarding the case, some claiming the injuries were self-inflicted, others suggesting external involvement. The fourth opinion, given in November 1985, was that Martinovi\u0107\u2019s wound could have been caused either by himself or by others, without drawing a conclusion that would hold the Albanians responsible.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-013d7d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"013d7d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6548ec1\" data-id=\"6548ec1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a744407 elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a744407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f26c15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6f26c15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In other words, nearly half of Kosovo\u2019s adult population had been subjected to police measures.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-070b339 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"070b339\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8d9e228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8d9e228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2713bd9\" data-id=\"2713bd9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7afa41a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7afa41a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Nonetheless, Serbian media flooded the public with nationalist and anti-Albanian interpretations of the case. Svetislav Spasojevi\u0107, a journalist from the weekly newspaper Nedeljne informativne novine (NIN), who led the media campaign on the incident, published a book in 1986 titled \u201cSlu\u010daj Martinovi\u0107\u201d \u2014 \u201cThe Martinovi\u0107 Case.\u201d The book compiled statements and transcripts of political, literary and journalistic discussions that had been used to fuel the controversy \u2014 everything but the facts. The very idea of publishing a 485-page book with an initial print run of 50,000 copies demonstrates the hysteria that had developed around the case.<\/p><p>Similar themes about alleged crimes committed by Albanians against Serbs were not only prevalent in tabloid media but were also discussed at the highest levels of politics. Former Serbian President Ivan Stamboli\u0107 later acknowledged in his 1995 book \u201cPut u bespu\u0107e\u201d \u2014 \u201cThe Road to Nowhere\u201d \u2014 that many reports in the 1980s about Albanian crimes were fabricated. As the head of state at the time, Stamboli\u0107 would have known this, but he chose to remain silent.<\/p><p>Beyond propaganda and economic decline, Kosovo in those years was also plagued by severe police repression. In November 1988, the head of Kosovo\u2019s police, Rrahman Morina, summarized law enforcement\u2019s commitment to combating \u201cAlbanian nationalism\u201d in a speech at a meeting of the League of Communists. Every expression or action aimed at affirming the position of Albanians, which was perceived as ultimately aimed at separatism and hostility toward Yugoslavia, was considered nationalism.<\/p><p>Morina reported that, since 1981, criminal charges had been filed against 72,223 individuals, misdemeanor charges against 95,030 individuals and additional punitive measures, such as arrests, detentions and restrictions of liberty, had been taken against 314,120 individuals. In other words, nearly half of Kosovo\u2019s adult population had been subjected to police measures.<\/p><p>This repression was, in fact, the result of a carefully orchestrated campaign in Belgrade to resolve the \u201cSerbian issue\u201d by fueling Serbian nationalism.<\/p><p>Serbian liberal politician and historian\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pescanik.net\/latinka-perovic-intervju-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\">Latinka Perovi\u0107, in a 2016 interview with Pe\u0161\u010danik<\/a>, recalled a conversation she had in 1987 with Antonije Isakovi\u0107, then vice president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SANU). Isakovi\u0107 explained that the time had finally come \u201cfor Serbia to resolve its issue, because Slovenes and Croats do not want Yugoslavia.\u201d<\/p><p>\u201cWait, so you want war?\u201d Perovi\u0107 interrupted him.<\/p><p>\u201cYes,\u201d he admitted, \u201cbut there will be no war in Serbia. Some 80,000 people will be killed and\u2026\u201d<\/p><p>\u201cWhich 80,000 people? Whose heads are you talking about?\u201d<\/p><p>Interestingly, almost simultaneously with this nationalist madness, another faction of politicians, those who believed in the democratization of Yugoslavia, was actively working to address the economic crisis, with some notable success.<\/p><p>In December 1988, this faction managed to pass a series of amendments to the Yugoslav Constitution that paved the way for a market economy, allowing for the creation of private enterprises and foreign investment. This was a radical shift for Yugoslav communist society, where all businesses had previously been state-owned.<\/p><p>When Ante Markovi\u0107 took office as Yugoslavia\u2019s prime minister, he managed to stabilize the country\u2019s rampant inflation. Markovi\u0107 assumed leadership in March 1989, almost simultaneously with Kosovo\u2019s loss of autonomy.<\/p><p>In retrospect, these two factions seem to have operated in complete disregard of each other, as if existing in parallel universes, oblivious to the consequences of the opposing side\u2019s actions. But in the end, Serbia\u2019s destructive faction won out, while Markovi\u0107&#8217;s reforms faded away in their own parallel universe, as if they were nothing more than a summer dream.<\/p><p><b>Political articulation of workers<\/b><\/p><p>In communist dogma, at least in theory, workers were sacred. They were seen as the progressive force of society, especially those working in industry, as industrialization was viewed as the primary goal of progress. When the 1974 constitution, and with it Kosovo\u2019s autonomy, was under threat, some of the first to mobilize in its defense were the miners of Trep\u00e7a, who were seen as the saints of industrialization.<\/p><p>In February 1989, around 1,300 miners went on a hunger strike deep in the mine\u2019s tunnels. Their main demands were: to guarantee the foundations of the 1974 constitution and the resignations of Morina, Ali Shukrija and Hysamedin Azemi, politicians considered submissive to Serbia. In addition to these demands, the miners called for the cessation of persecution against individuals the regime considered to be organizers of the first marches of November 1988. \u201cThere is no single organizer, we are all organizers,\u201d they said. They also demanded that wrongful policies against Albanians be stopped and that representatives of the provinces and republics be informed about the situation in Kosovo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4b703cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4b703cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f217dfc\" data-id=\"f217dfc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c9e320 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5c9e320\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2560\" height=\"1670\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114497\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-1024x668.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-768x501.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-1536x1002.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-2048x1336.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_003-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-ne-prishtine-326x213.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Trep\u00e7a miners were among the first to oppose efforts to remove Kosovo's autonomy, which was guaranteed by the 1974 constitution. Photo: Enver Bylykbashi.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2580b53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2580b53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a804dc0\" data-id=\"a804dc0\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f53f8cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f53f8cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This echoed loudly.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From this episode, the legend of the police commander Radovan Stoji\u010di\u0107, \u201cBad\u017ea,\u201d was created in Serbia. It is said that he was almost ready to send in the Serbian police&#8217;s anti-terrorist unit to the tunnels to either force the miners to leave or even execute those that refused to leave until all their demands were met.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Morina, who called himself a communist, resigned, visibly affected that the miners were demanding this from him. The resignation letter he sent to the miners seemed sincere, and perhaps his resignation offer wasn\u2019t just a farce, but it seems that for Milo\u0161evi\u0107, the time wasn\u2019t right to accept it. Morina returned to his position.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All these events came in response to a series of actions in preparation for the annulment of Kosovo\u2019s autonomy. One of these was when the League of Communists\u2019 regional leadership began to discuss the dismissal of Azem Vllasi and Kaqusha Jashari, who at that time were prominent figures of the communist party and close associates of Stamboli\u0107, individuals whom Milo\u0161evi\u0107 considered obstacles to his plans.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A meeting on this issue was scheduled for the evening of November 17, 1988. Word had reached the miners in Stant\u00ebrg. On that morning, 3,000 miners left their pits and started marching from Stant\u00ebrg toward Prishtina, a distance of around 45 kilometers. The front row of the march prominently carried photographs of Yugoslavia\u2019s longtime leader Josip Broz Tito, the Yugoslav flag and the Albanian flag tied together, miners\u2019 flags and flags of other nationalities. From all over Kosovo, other citizen marches headed to Prishtina to join the miners. By evening, around 300,000 people had gathered in Prishtina.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-60a38c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"60a38c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b62adac\" data-id=\"b62adac\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ceb41b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0ceb41b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2560\" height=\"1674\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114500\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-1024x670.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-1536x1005.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-2048x1340.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_004-enver-bylykbashi-1988-minatoret-mbrrijne-ne-prishtine-326x213.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The Trep\u00e7a miners, in November 1988, walked around 45 kilometers to Prishtina with a series of demands related to the rights of Albanians in Kosovo. Photo: Enver Bylykbashi.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8974ad3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8974ad3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-301e271\" data-id=\"301e271\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b89f740 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b89f740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The nonviolent nature of the marches was also a completely new phenomenon. Howard Clark, author of the most thorough work on Kosovo&#8217;s resistance, \u201cCivil Resistance in Kosovo,\u201d which was published in 2000, noted that these marches\u2019 genuine spontaneity stood in sharp contrast to Milo\u0161evi\u0107\u2019s \u201ctruth rallies,\u201d which were made up of workers bussed in from factories.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These rallies were initially organized by Serbs from Kosovo, who expressed their anger over what they described as the difficult situation of Serbs in Kosovo. This anger mainly stemmed from dissatisfaction over the gradual loss of the privileged position for Serbs, which had started with the dismissal of Aleksandar Rankovi\u0107, head of the Yugoslav secret police (UDBA), in 1966. Rankovi\u0107 had imposed an UDBA-led dictatorship in Kosovo after the end of World War II. Through strict police control, Rankovi\u0107 exploited every opportunity to imprison and torture Albanians.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In fact, during the 1970s and early 1980s, there were instances of violence and revenge by Albanians against Serbs in response to the repression during Rankovi\u0107\u2019s time in Kosovo, but these were not organized or on the scale that Serbian propaganda claimed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Later, these rallies were instrumentalized by Milo\u0161evi\u0107 and took place wherever he aimed to change political power.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Among the largest and most consequential rallies was one in Novi Sad, Vojvodina, on October 5, 1988, which became known as the \u201cYogurt Revolution.\u201d Serb demonstrators, gathered by Milo\u0161evi\u0107, threw yogurt cups toward the provincial government building, after which the government of Vojvodina resigned and was replaced by Milo\u0161evi\u0107\u2019s people. Then there was the rally in Titograd \u2014 now Podgorica \u2014 in Montenegro in January 1989, where the republican government also resigned and was replaced by Milo\u0161evi\u0107\u2019s people. With this, Milo\u0161evi\u0107 only lacked Kosovo to secure four out of the eight votes needed to maintain control over the Yugoslav presidency.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, despite the 1988 march and the subsequent miners\u2019 strike, by 1989, Milo\u0161evi\u0107\u2019s plan of violently altering the constitution was nearing its final stage. Kosovo, for the rest of Yugoslavia, was an entirely unknown black stain. The propaganda noise coming from Belgrade was louder than any sound coming from Kosovo. Yet, for a moment, the miners\u2019 strike seemed to break through this barrier.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9c252b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9c252b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c884bfc\" data-id=\"c884bfc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-792d505 elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"792d505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2f0eea elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e2f0eea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">It was a coup d'\u00e9tat par excellence.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1773af elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b1773af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b68dd5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b68dd5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-31a4e05\" data-id=\"31a4e05\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1c9213 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1c9213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On February 27, 1989, in the far-off republic of Slovenia, the party leader, Milan Ku\u010dan, came out openly in support of the demands of Albanians in Kosovo. At the largest conference center in Ljubljana, Cankarjev Dom, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ku\u010dan declared that in Stant\u00ebrg, not only the rights of Albanians were being defended<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, but also the Yugoslavia of AVNOJ, the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia. This council had held the famous meeting on November 29, 1943, which was considered a sacred event in Yugoslavia and laid the foundation for the federal Yugoslavia based on the principle of peoples\u2019 right to self-determination.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the miners\u2019 drama, on March 23, the drama of voting to abolish autonomy in the Kosovo Assembly followed. The Assembly building was under siege, with tanks, armored vehicles and heavily armed police. To this were added uninvited guests \u2014 party functionaries and workers from the security services \u2014 who had even entered the Assembly hall. Around 300 people were in the hall, despite the fact that the legislature had 190 delegates, the majority of whom were Albanians. In these circumstances of siege and threat, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/balkaninsight.com\/2020\/03\/23\/autonomy-abolished-how-milosevic-launched-kosovos-descent-into-war\/\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">only 10 of the Albanian delegates voted against it<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It was a coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat par excellence.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After this, the legislature was dissolved, and a new one was elected. Many in Kosovo expected that the new group of delegates, the majority of whom were Albanians, would be even more submissive to Serbia\u2019s demands. However, this group would surprise everyone on July 2 of the following year.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Pluralism, and also apartheid<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Until then, very few organizations were active in the political and social life of Kosovo. The leadership of these organizations had remained silent in the face of Serbian violence, which is why they no longer enjoyed any particular respect.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-677f7a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"677f7a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ed262a\" data-id=\"9ed262a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78b12b0 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78b12b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A new elite, composed of intellectuals actively opposing Serbian nationalism, had begun to emerge. These intellectuals were coming together in newly founded associations and political parties, collectively known as Alternativa. The trust and hope placed in them were extraordinary. Among them, the members of the Writers\u2019 Association were particularly prominent, having engaged in sharp debates with Serbian writers throughout the 1980s, boldly criticizing Serbian nationalism.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, in mid-December 1989, the Council for the Defense of Human Rights and Freedoms (KMDLNJ) was established to document the Serbian regime\u2019s violence against civilians. Just a few days later, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) was founded, with Ibrahim Rugova as its leader. Within a month, it gained 100,000 members, and by the end of the following year, membership was said to have reached 700,000. In early 1990, the Youth Parliament was also founded, later transforming into the Parliamentary Party of Kosovo, alongside several other new political parties. Every initiative was met with unprecedented enthusiasm.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a99e049\" data-id=\"a99e049\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b278bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b278bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Organizations and membership<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-196dc60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"196dc60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Statistical Bulletin of Yugoslavia for Kosovo identified the following organizations, along with their membership:<\/p><p>The Communist League of Kosovo with 110,000 members<\/p><p>The Socialist League of the Working People with 930,000 members<\/p><p>The Trade Union League with 220,000 members<\/p><p>The Socialist Youth League with 320,000 members<\/p><p>The League of National Liberation War Veterans with 80,000 members<\/p><p>The Red Cross with 500,000 members<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4aba9bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4aba9bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c9bfee6\" data-id=\"c9bfee6\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c064c3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9c064c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c51b572 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c51b572\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The air in Kosovo smelled of war.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e93d2c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3e93d2c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bcf0410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bcf0410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eabb40a\" data-id=\"eabb40a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57007c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"57007c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the same time, significant events signaling the end of Yugoslavia began unfolding. On January 20, 1990, the 14th and final congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was held in Belgrade. In a carefully orchestrated scenario, Serbian delegates outvoted Slovenian and Croatian delegates on all key issues, mainly concerning pluralism and democratization. Frustrated by this demonstration of Serbian dominance, the Slovenian and Croatian delegations walked out. This marked the end of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia and the beginning of Yugoslavia\u2019s dissolution.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90bfc83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90bfc83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b5f62c\" data-id=\"2b5f62c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e1b810 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e1b810\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Shortly before this event, Macedonian police had killed Nuredin Nuredini, an Albanian from Hara\u00e7ina, near Skopje, while attempting to demolish his house with a bulldozer. This ignited a wave of protests across Kosovo. As was often the case, peaceful demonstrations were violently dispersed by the police, triggering even larger protests.<\/p><p>Despite brutal police repression and multiple casualties, the protests continued for days. In the Belgrade press, protesters were labeled as terrorists, while the police killings of demonstrators were falsely attributed to blood feuds among them. At least 30 people were killed, hundreds were injured and over 1,000 were imprisoned. One particularly impactful event was the killing of 16-year-old Ylfete Humolli on February 1, 1990, in Lup\u00e7 i Posht\u00ebm, near Podujeva. In several places around Kosovo, including Malisheva, police armored vehicles fired automatic rounds at shops, the city courthouse, medical clinics, elementary schools and even private homes.<\/p><p style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1px;\">The air in Kosovo smelled of war.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dff6523\" data-id=\"dff6523\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc0a741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bc0a741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1723\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114494\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-scaled.jpg 1723w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-202x300.jpg 202w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-689x1024.jpg 689w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-768x1141.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-1034x1536.jpg 1034w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-1378x2048.jpg 1378w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_002_politika-1990-02-01-02-326x484.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1723px) 100vw, 1723px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Excerpt from the newspaper Politika, in the section titled \u201cSituation in Kosovo.\u201d Title on the right: \"Terrorists target Serbian homes,\" February 1, 1990. Photo from the author's archive. <\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf63a5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bf63a5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8bbf4bf\" data-id=\"8bbf4bf\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-688d5eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"688d5eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"letter-spacing: -0.1px;\">At the same time as this uprising erupted, the Kosovo Association of Sociologists and Philosophers launched a signature-gathering campaign for a petition titled \u201cFor Democracy, Against Violence.\u201d The petition began with an appeal written by Isuf Berisha, the association\u2019s president, calling for an end to the violence against Albanians. The appeal was soon joined by the KMDLNJ and the Association for the Yugoslav Democratic Initiative (UJDI).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5dbb5ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5dbb5ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-223bae2\" data-id=\"223bae2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-878983f elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"878983f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02aa9d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02aa9d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The petition quickly gathered 400,000 signatures. These signatures, complete with names, surnames and addresses, marked the first public sign of civic mobilization in Kosovo.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4932e8 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"c4932e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-876622d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"876622d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7f3449\" data-id=\"e7f3449\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6302f80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6302f80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Initially, the LDK did not sign the appeal, but it later expressed its support. With the mobilization of its activists, the petition quickly gathered 400,000 signatures. These signatures, complete with names, surnames and addresses, marked the first public sign of civic mobilization in Kosovo.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Alternativa\u2019s member organizations worked tirelessly to prevent direct confrontations in the streets between citizens and the brutal Serbian police. However, the protests continued, and in February 1990, the LDK also joined the call to end them. On February 2, Rugova issued an appeal through the daily newspaper Rilindja, calling on citizens to halt the protests. He made this plea on behalf of the LDK, UJDI, the Writers\u2019 Association and the KMDLNJ.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1c13adb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1c13adb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-99289a4\" data-id=\"99289a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8208280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8208280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2142\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114503\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-scaled.jpg 2142w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-251x300.jpg 251w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-857x1024.jpg 857w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-768x918.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-1285x1536.jpg 1285w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-1713x2048.jpg 1713w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_005_ldk-deget-1993-326x390.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2142px) 100vw, 2142px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK) was formed at a time when faith in old organizations had declined and enthusiasm for new ones was unparalleled. Within its first year, the LDK had 100,000 members. Photo from the author\u2019s archive.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-faaa52a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"faaa52a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9d4452f\" data-id=\"9d4452f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d3a66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53d3a66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nonetheless, workers continued to be deeply involved in supporting the protests. Among them were more than 1,000 workers from the tube factory in Ferizaj, who went on strike, but the strike was quickly punished. When these workers returned to work after three weeks, they found the factory gates closed. After the miners, who were fired following their strike, the workers from Ferizaj became the second group to be fired in large numbers. During this time, a large number of Albanian police officers were also dismissed, under the pretext of restructuring the units, during which Albanian officers were replaced with Serbs.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In response to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1wXo1ex3g_oJNqThwQ-x8IjPOnCNg3FXF\/view?usp=drive_link\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Serbian propaganda that Albanian protesters were killing each other<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> over blood feuds, the campaign for reconciliation began in February. The campaign was initiated by two persecuted students from the University of Prishtina, Hava Shala and Myrvete Dreshaj, and quickly spread across Kosovo.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite calls for peace and nonviolence, the Serbian regime took advantage of the chaos to implement extraordinary measures and curfews in Kosovo. In response, the Youth Parliament organized protests by clanging keys from balconies at the time the curfew began, symbolizing that citizens held the keys to solving the problem. In all of Kosovo\u2019s balconies, keys would clink at the start of the curfew, but since the keys didn\u2019t make much noise, they were joined by pots and pans.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b12d2d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b12d2d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5982828\" data-id=\"5982828\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be4b32a elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"be4b32a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fac3103 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fac3103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Kosovar society had already committed itself to peaceful resistance.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb2ba35 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eb2ba35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-351cd8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"351cd8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-559783b\" data-id=\"559783b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96f59fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"96f59fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Serbian regime\u2019s provocations did not stop. In early March 1990, the next provocation happened: the poisoning of Albanian students. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/1999\/aug\/24\/balkans.unitednations\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Around 4,000 Albanian pupils<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> across 13 municipalities were poisoned with the military-grade nerve agent sarin. The poisoning took place mainly in schools attended by Albanian children, as well as in some mixed schools. However, due to the segregation that had begun in September of the previous year, it was easy to target only Albanian pupils. Serb pupils had no contact with their Albanian peers, neither in shared spaces nor during school hours. The Serbian regime dismissed the incident as mere mass hysteria.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1d24309 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1d24309\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3becadc\" data-id=\"3becadc\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e8c205 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e8c205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1625\" height=\"716\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Helmimet-90s.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-115148\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Helmimet-90s.png 1625w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Helmimet-90s-300x132.png 300w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Helmimet-90s-1024x451.png 1024w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Helmimet-90s-768x338.png 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Helmimet-90s-1536x677.png 1536w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Helmimet-90s-326x144.png 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1625px) 100vw, 1625px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Thousands of Albanian students were poisoned with sarin gas in the segregated schools. The Serbian regime claimed it was a case of collective hysteria. Photo: Agim Sylejmani.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-61a6565 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"61a6565\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cac99de\" data-id=\"cac99de\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45d546d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45d546d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The case of the poisonings was likely the most serious provocation, seriously testing Kosovars\u2019 patience. In some municipalities, there were reactions in which enraged citizens attempted to use violence against Serbs suspected of involvement in the poisonings, but activists from the Alternativa movement prevented them. The poisonings were clearly a provocation intended to incite an uprising that would justify a war in Kosovo, but Kosovar society had already committed itself to peaceful resistance.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By this time, it had become standard practice to document every act of violence by the Serbian regime through LDK and KMDLNJ activists, and to inform the world about what was happening in Kosovo. The act of documenting violence transformed the previous sense of submission into a spirit of resistance and resilience. After every act of violence by the Serbian police, the victims would usually report to the nearest LDK branch, where they were provided with a doctor who attested to their injuries and a photographer to document the case. The case file was then submitted to KMDLNJ, while reports on the violence were published in the Kosovo Information Center\u2019s daily bulletin and in KMDLNJ\u2019s periodic reports.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In this context, the Independent Trade Unions also expressed their support through symbolic actions, calling on workers to take a walk on the promenade from 10 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. in pairs, as the Serbian regime had banned gatherings of three or more people. At 10 a.m., the promenade was crowded not only with workers but with many others, all walking in pairs, though later, groups of three or four could also be seen.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amid all the violence, control and constant pressure to comply with Serbia\u2019s agenda, the delegates expressed their defiance. Contrary to expectations, on July 2, 1990, they adopted the Constitutional Declaration, proclaiming Kosovo an equal part of the Yugoslav Federation \u2014 in other words, a republic. The Serbian regime responded by illegally dissolving the Assembly and imposing harsh measures against the media. On July 5, 1990, the police forcefully entered RTP, Prishtina\u2019s radio and television station, and the only Albanian-language daily newspaper, Rilindja, expelling Albanian journalists and employees. Rilindja was banned. From that point, the mass dismissal of Albanians from all enterprises and public institutions began to escalate.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Everyone became poor<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the wave of crackdowns on Kosovar institutions and enterprises, a pattern seemed to emerge. First, the media outlets were targeted, followed by large enterprises and especially, quickly and with great zeal, the health care institutions. Finally, the educational institutions were struck.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In March 1990, the Serbian Assembly passed a legislative package with a name that could have come straight from the works of English writer George Orwell: \u201cThe Program for the Establishment of Peace, Freedom, Equality, Democracy and Prosperity in the Autonomous Province of Kosovo.\u201d Among other things, this program stipulated the urgent dismissal of all leading personnel in enterprises and public institutions who had participated in or supported the demonstrations.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7273a6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7273a6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cccbe3f\" data-id=\"cccbe3f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6328c7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6328c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"2560\" height=\"1663\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114509\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-1024x665.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-768x499.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-1536x998.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-2048x1331.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_007_enver-bylykbashi-1990-greva-gjyseoreshe2-326x212.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Amid the ban on gatherings and increased police control, walks on the promenade turned into acts of protest. Photo: Enver Bylykbashi.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90c74e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90c74e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-158f199\" data-id=\"158f199\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a4fadb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a4fadb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In June, the \u201cLaw on the Operation of Republican Bodies in Special Circumstances\u201d was passed, which stated that the Serbian Assembly, in special circumstances, could take over all the powers of the provincial bodies and make decisions on their behalf. Naturally, special circumstances applied in Kosovo, and in July, the \u201cLaw on Labor Relations in Special Circumstances\u201d was passed. This law stated that the director or senior official of an organization or company had the authority to decide whether a worker had broken rules and determine disciplinary measures, which were sanctioned by law.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">According to this, a violent director did not need any committee or complicated procedure to dismiss a worker. This was followed by a wave of special laws that replaced the leaders of social enterprises throughout Kosovo, dismissing Albanian directors and appointing Serb ones in their places.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These directors used various excuses to dismiss Albanian workers: for not welcoming the authorities; not accepting temporary measures or not cooperating with temporary bodies; not signing declarations of loyalty to the authorities, laws and the state of Serbia; for their involvement in the Independent Trade Union; for their speaking and writing in Albanian and refusing to speak and write in Serbian and the Cyrillic alphabet.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e2a9f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e2a9f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-db2f2a4\" data-id=\"db2f2a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd547ab elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"bd547ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302f42a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"302f42a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Popular solidarity grew stronger every day.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61e321d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"61e321d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eba134c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eba134c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d6d4eb\" data-id=\"5d6d4eb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f661e08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f661e08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Simultaneously, Serbian propaganda found a special target in its attacks on Albanian doctors. An example of this was the book \u201cKosovo: kontrarevolucija koja te\u010de\u201d \u2014 \u201cKosovo: The Counterrevolution that Continues\u201d \u2014 published in 1989 by the Serbian journalist Vuksan Cerovi\u0107. Cerovi\u0107 spread monstrous accusations that Albanian doctors were sterilizing, and even killing, Serb and Montenegrin babies and mothers. This kind of propaganda resonated in the Kosovo public as a warning that this was exactly what Serb doctors intended to do as soon as they took over the clinics.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After the imposition of violent measures in hospitals, almost no Albanian citizens sought medical help there. In fact, private clinics had opened, although very few could afford treatment.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c9f8b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c9f8b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d295513\" data-id=\"d295513\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-689f8d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"689f8d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Apart from poverty, another painful consequence of the mass firings was the loss of homes for 650 families, who had been placed in collective housing where they worked. Many social enterprises in Kosovo provided housing for workers, which the workers could eventually buy after a certain period. In the case of these 650 families, this was no longer an option.<\/p><p>Thus, an immediate effect of this rapid and mass dismissal of Albanians was that most families were left without income, and the social and economic differences within the Albanian community were temporarily erased \u2014 everyone was poor. This led all Albanian citizens of Kosovo to be in the same situation and have more solidarity with one another.<\/p><p>In this situation, popular solidarity grew stronger every day. The Mother Teresa Society, a charitable organization and the Family Helps Family humanitarian initiative were founded. Very quickly, thousands of individuals and families throughout the region were reported to have been helping a Kosovar family in need.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3828b20\" data-id=\"3828b20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38d45c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38d45c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Mother Teresa Society\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1985983 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1985983\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In 1991, the Mother Teresa Society documented the distribution of aid to 26,000 families in need, which had around 160,000 members. Each year, this assistance grew almost twofold, and on average, during the entire \u201890s, around 60,000 families with approximately 350,000 members were helped by the Mother Teresa Society.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-afe20bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"afe20bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8728a6c\" data-id=\"8728a6c\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b6f162 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b6f162\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A health care service was also established within the Mother Teresa Society, arguably the most emblematic solidarity project of the \u201890s. It began operating in March 1992, thanks to the tireless efforts of Gani Demolli, a doctor who opened the first clinic in Vranjevc, Prishtina. In a short time, the service expanded across Kosovo, providing free medical care to those who had no other access to it \u2014 an ever-growing part of the population.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the same time, the regime\u2019s crackdown intensified, and in 1991, it was education&#8217;s turn.\u00a0 Starting in January, salaries were cut off for first grade teachers, then fifth grade teachers and then first year high school teachers. This affected around 3,200 teachers, 400 principals and 80,000 students. Then, in April, the Serbian regime decided to stop paying the salaries of all Albanian educators at every level.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c9a8cd0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c9a8cd0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-effd42a\" data-id=\"effd42a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b14d372 elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b14d372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"fas fa-quote-left\"><\/i><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b6f76e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2b6f76e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">While the mass firings had mobilized Albanian solidarity, the attack on education unified them in collective resistance.\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9407d21 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9407d21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0b29de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f0b29de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7ff9f23\" data-id=\"7ff9f23\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ba19f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ba19f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The regime also took measures to drastically reduce the number of Albanian students in schools. A high school admission quota announced in June of that year allowed fewer than one-third of Albanian primary school graduates to enroll in secondary education, while the number of spots for Serbian-language students was increased.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When the new school year started in September 1991, it became clear that this wasn\u2019t just about limiting the number of Albanian students, but to completely deny their right to education. On September 2, Albanian high school students were not allowed to enter their schools. Serb school directors had locked the doors, and in some cases, police were stationed outside. Many elementary schools also banned Albanian students from attending. This pattern would repeat itself at the start of every school year.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While the mass firings had mobilized Albanian solidarity, the attack on education unified them in collective resistance. By June 1991, the Central Council for Financing (KQF) had been formed, which was institutionalized in early 1992 by Kosovo\u2019s government. This government, led by Prime Minister Bujar Bukoshi, was known as the \u201cBukoshi Government\u201d and was formed after the 1991 referendum. This government functioned in exile, unable to work under the oppressive conditions in Kosovo.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The KQF, originally created to fund education, soon became the main institution for financing resistance and collecting contributions. The funds KQF collected covered about 65% of the needs, while the remaining 35% came from the Ministry of Finance in exile, through the 3% Fund.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Meanwhile, dismissed workers filed complaints, but these were silenced. In 1997, Agim Hajrizi, head of the BSPK Assembly, reported that of the 150,000 Albanians fired from their jobs, around 70,000 had submitted legal appeals.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThere were cases where people were never even summoned for hearings, meaning that their cases never even entered the legal process. Some found their court summons tossed in trash bins or lying on the street. The postal service either refused or was ordered not to deliver them,\u201d <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/aimpress.forumcivique.org\/article\/71028-002-pubs-pri\/\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hajrizi said in an interview in October 1997<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Workers who did receive their summons would have had to attend court proceedings in Ni\u0161, Kraljevo, Subotica or other faraway cities in Serbia, making it nearly impossible for them to pursue their cases. Even in rare instances where individuals managed to see their cases through and won in court, the newly-appointed directors would veto their reinstatement.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At the same time, Trep\u00e7a kept an open call for 2,000 new workers. No one applied for the jobs, as the union urged people not to take positions that had been unlawfully stripped from Albanian workers.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Between lack of coordination and solidarity<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The union\u2019s belief that the general strike of September 3, 1990 would shake Serbia to its core resonated with many workers and citizens, and turnout was truly remarkable.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, there had never been full consensus on holding the strike. It was contested even before it took place, and even more so afterward. The main disagreements were between the LDK and the BSPK. Despite the LDK\u2019s insistence, opposition from many Alternativa leaders and regime warnings that all strikers would face repercussions, the BSPK remained firm in its decision to proceed, and so the strike happened.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That day, all of Kosovo came to a standstill. The sheer scale of participation was also driven by the overwhelming social pressure \u2014 anyone who refused to join was considered a traitor.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c522d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6c522d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-12278b2\" data-id=\"12278b2\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19458cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"19458cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"768\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_008-Organizimi-sindikal-ne\u0308-Kosove-Hajrullah-Gorani_001-768x532-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114515\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_008-Organizimi-sindikal-ne\u0308-Kosove-Hajrullah-Gorani_001-768x532-1.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_008-Organizimi-sindikal-ne\u0308-Kosove-Hajrullah-Gorani_001-768x532-1-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_008-Organizimi-sindikal-ne\u0308-Kosove-Hajrullah-Gorani_001-768x532-1-326x226.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The Union of Independent Trade Unions of Kosovo achieved significant success in internationalizing the issue of Kosovo Albanians by seeking an assessment of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\u2019s actions towards Albanian workers at the International Labour Organization. Photo from the BSPK archive.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc03077 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc03077\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e6755a4\" data-id=\"e6755a4\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa62b84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fa62b84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The strike went ahead, but it also caused a lot of damage. As reported by the newspaper Bujku in 1991, in a letter from then-Minister of Education Muhamet Bicaj addressed to the European Parliament, among others, over 600 private shops in Kosovo were fined and banned from operating after the strike, while legal proceedings were initiated against 9,000 tradespeople. Many of them went bankrupt and lost their businesses.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, after the strike, many of the Serbian-appointed managers in various workplaces demanded that Albanian workers sign loyalty declarations to Serbia. Almost all workers refused, and the managers used this refusal as a pretext to fire them.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The workers\u2019 withdrawal did not achieve the desired outcome. In his book, Clark sums up BSPK\u2019s fate in the 1990s with the observation: \u201cFar from being able to threaten withdrawing the fruit of their labor, soon the main task of the new unions was keeping count of those dismissed and raising solidarity funds.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc84f63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dc84f63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3acb86\" data-id=\"d3acb86\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ababf14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ababf14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img width=\"1756\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-scaled.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-114512\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-scaled.jpg 1756w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-702x1024.jpg 702w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-768x1120.jpg 768w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-1054x1536.jpg 1054w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-1405x2048.jpg 1405w, https:\/\/archive.kosovotwopointzero.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Bresta_009_BU-19910312-012-326x475.jpg 326w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1756px) 100vw, 1756px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">The government-in-exile provided comprehensive information about the situation in Kosovo. The photograph is from Bujku newspaper.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5135e7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5135e7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9ada18\" data-id=\"e9ada18\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c48d06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c48d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nevertheless, the union achieved an extraordinary international success, although it remained unrealized due to formal legal reasons and thus often went unrecognized by the public, both then and now.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through the efforts of BSPK Secretary Adil Fetahu, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions requested that the International Labour Organization assess the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia\u2019s actions. The issue was reviewed in June 1992, and the reviewing committee concluded that the measures taken by the regime constituted discrimination based on ethnicity and political beliefs. Although this conclusion had no immediate consequences for the regime, since at the time it was unclear who the legal successor of Yugoslavia was, it was nonetheless a success in the internationalization of the Kosovo Albanian cause.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In reality, Kosovo\u2019s international position was very weak. Very few people in the world cared about Kosovo\u2019s problems. Rugova seemed to have understood this better than anyone, dedicating the 1990s to the internationalization of Kosovo\u2019s struggle. Kosovars\u2019 faith in Rugova, at times, appeared almost religious. He had become a symbol of resistance and hope. His party, LDK, which had the widest reach across Kosovo, with branches in every village and active members in every neighborhood, was a crucial pillar of survival.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Despite initial lack of coordination, Kosovo\u2019s civil resistance quickly managed to unite around a common goal, which became its strongest weapon against Serbia\u2019s violent strategy of reducing the Albanian population in Kosovo and establishing full control over the region.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On one hand, the Serbian regime\u2019s actions appear to have been well-planned, and whatever the main Albanian actors did would likely not have significantly altered their course. On the other hand, among Albanian leaders at the time, there were disagreements over rushed actions and the voluntary offering of pretexts that the Serbian regime could use to justify violent interventions.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Looking back, especially from the perspective of today\u2019s geopolitical developments, a place like Kosovo would have had no chance of achieving independence. The ability to seize the right moment to realize such an idea, one that had no real foundation in international politics, was simply astonishing.<\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p><b>Feature Image: Enver Bylykbashi.<\/b><\/p><p><b><br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/kosovotwopointzero.com\/en\/the-90s-in-pieces\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>Return to Monograph.<\/i><\/a><br \/><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0993129 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0993129\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5982195\" data-id=\"5982195\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc84a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fc84a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Bibliography:<\/b><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Abrashi, A., &amp; Kavaja, B. (1996). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Epopeja e minator\u00ebve<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Prishtina: Koha.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cerovi\u0107, V. (1989). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kosovo: Kontrarevolucija koja te\u010de<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Belgrade.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clark, H. (2000). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Civil Resistance in Kosovo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. London: Pluto Press.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Demolli, G. (2007). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nj\u00eb luft\u00eb m\u00eb ndryshe<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Prishtina.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fetahu, A. (1992). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Masat e p\u00ebrkohshme<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 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Speech at Cankarjev dom, Ljubljana.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Last accessed on March 13, 2025. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Maliqi, S. (1993). Self-understanding of the Albanians in nonviolence. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal of Area Studies, 1<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(3), 120-128.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00eb fundmi qasur m\u00eb 13 mars 2025.<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02613539308455692\" target=\"_blank\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02613539308455692<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mehmeti, A. (2015). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rezistenca shqiptare n\u00eb Ferizaj me rrethin\u00eb 1988-1998<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. 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Pe\u0161\u010danik.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last accessed on March 13, 2025.<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/pescanik.net\/latinka-perovic-intervju-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/pescanik.net\/latinka-perovic-intervju-1\/<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Popovi\u0107, D. M. (2024). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rat se\u0107anja u Srbiji 1980-1990<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Belgrade.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radio Evropa e Lir\u00eb. (2001, March 8). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Srbija: Svedok koji je uznemirio Beograd<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">S\u00eb fundmi qasur m\u00eb 13 mars 2025.<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iwpr.net\/sr\/global-voices\/srbija-svedok-koji-je-uznemirio-beograd\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/iwpr.net\/sr\/global-voices\/srbija-svedok-koji-je-uznemirio-beograd<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rexhepi, I. (1997, October 28). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sedmogodi\u0161nji \u0161trajk<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. AIM-Press.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last accessed on March 13, 2025.<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/aimpress.forumcivique.org\/article\/71028-002-pubs-pri\/\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/aimpress.forumcivique.org\/article\/71028-002-pubs-pri\/<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schwartz, S. (2000). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kosovo: Background to a War<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. London: Anthem Press.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Shaqiri, N. 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(1995). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Put u bespu\u0107e<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Belgrade.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Surroi, V. (2024). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Viti i qirinjve: Si e filluam rezistenc\u00ebn paq\u00ebsore<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Prishtina: Koha.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statistical Office of Yugoslavia. (1990). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Statisti\u010dki godi\u0161njak Jugoslavije 1989 &amp; Statisti\u010dki godi\u0161njak SR Srbije 1990, 1991<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last accessed on March 13, 2025<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stat.gov.rs\/publikacije\/\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/www.stat.gov.rs\/publikacije\/<\/span><\/a><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Uvali\u0107, M. (1992). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Investment and property rights in Yugoslavia: The long transition to a market economy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Cambridge.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Schmitt, O. J. (2012). <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kosova: Histori e shkurt\u00ebr e nj\u00eb treve qendrore ballkanike<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Prishtin\u00eb.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Radio Evropa e Lir\u00eb. (2001, March 8). Srbija: Svedok koji je uznemirio Beograd.<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bivsi-predsednik.si\/up-rs\/1992-2002\/mk-ang.nsf\/4f0e6b3d16bb4c8dc125678c003a80ab\/23a4685ed1fde9efc1256792005053d3?OpenDocument\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last accessed on March 13, 2025.<\/span><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/iwpr.net\/sr\/global-voices\/srbija-svedok-koji-je-uznemirio-beograd\" target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/iwpr.net\/sr\/global-voices\/srbija-svedok-koji-je-uznemirio-beograd<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a027275 elementor-section-full_width elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a027275\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-37cc96f\" data-id=\"37cc96f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f85ca0d elementor-widget-divider--view-line_icon elementor-view-default elementor-widget-divider--element-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f85ca0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon elementor-divider__element\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" id=\"Layer_1\" x=\"0px\" y=\"0px\" viewBox=\"0 0 659 627\" style=\"enable-background:new 0 0 659 627;\" xml:space=\"preserve\"><style type=\"text\/css\">\t.st0{fill:#FDE801;}\t.st1{fill:#363635;}<\/style><g>\t<path class=\"st0\" d=\"M652.9,260.8c-0.3,0.7-0.6,1.7-0.9,2.6c-35.8,100.2-71.7,200.4-107.4,300.6c-0.9,2.7-2.1,3.9-5.1,4.4  c-43.3,7.4-86.5,15-129.8,22.6c-54.7,9.6-109.4,19.1-164.1,28.7c-6.9,1.2-13.8,2.1-20.6,3.6c-3,0.7-4.6-0.2-6.3-2.3  c-18.8-22.3-37.6-44.5-56.4-66.8c-50.3-59.5-100.6-119-151-178.5c-2.3-2.8-2.9-4.9-1.6-8.3c35.7-99.2,71.3-198.4,106.8-297.6  c1.2-3.4,2.9-5,6.5-5.6c45.5-8,91-16.2,136.5-24.3c55-9.9,110.1-19.4,164.9-30c11.2-2.2,17.3,0.4,24.6,9  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c-3.5,0-4.8-1.4-6-4.4C368,368.8,356,338.2,344,307.6c-0.5-1.2-1.1-2.4-1.5-3.7c-2.1-7.1-6.5-10.9-14.2-10.7  c-1.3,0-3.7,0.7-3.5-2.2c0.2-2.7,2.4-1.8,3.8-1.8c23.3-0.1,46.6-0.1,70,0c1.4,0,3.7-1,4,1.6c0.4,3.1-2.2,2.3-3.8,2.6  c-7.6,1.5-9.7,3.6-7.5,10C397.6,321,404.3,338.3,410.7,355.7z\"><\/path>\t<path class=\"st1\" d=\"M311,341c0,15.1,0,30.3,0,45.4c0,9.6,1.5,11.1,11,12.3c1.5,0.2,4.2-1.1,4.2,1.9c0,3.3-2.9,2.1-4.5,2.1  c-22.8,0.1-45.6,0.1-68.4,0.1c-0.8,0-1.7,0-2.5,0c-1.4,0-2.1-0.6-2.2-2.1c0-1.6,1-1.9,2.3-1.9c13.1,0,13.1-4.4,13.1-15.9  c0-25.1,0-50.3,0-75.4c0-1.3,0-2.7-0.2-4c-0.8-7.8-2-8.8-9.7-9.9c-2.2-0.3-6.5,1.4-6.2-2.6c0.3-3.9,4.4-1.8,6.6-1.8  c17.3-0.2,34.6,0,51.9-0.2c3.5,0,4.5,1,4.4,4.5c-0.2,15.8-0.1,31.6-0.1,47.4C310.9,341,310.9,341,311,341z\"><\/path>\t<path class=\"st1\" d=\"M287.2,272.1c-13.6,0.1-23.7-9.8-23.6-22.9c0.1-12.6,10.1-22.2,23.2-22.3c13.7-0.1,24.2,9.7,24,22.6  C310.7,262.2,300.4,272.1,287.2,272.1z\"><\/path>\t<path class=\"st0\" d=\"M515.2,335.6c-4,0-8-0.1-12,0c-2.7,0.1-3.4-0.9-3.4-3.4c0.2-10,0.7-19.9,3.1-29.6c2-8,5.5-11.4,11.6-11.5  c7.2-0.2,11.6,3.2,13.9,11c3.1,10.2,2,20.8,2.4,31.2c0.1,2.2-1.1,2.4-2.8,2.4C523.9,335.6,519.6,335.6,515.2,335.6z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-900335a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"900335a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f0bc7e\" data-id=\"7f0bc7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81b4f2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-104647 elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"81b4f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong><em>D\u00ebshironi t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetni gazetarin\u00eb ton\u00eb?<\/em><\/strong><\/p><p>N\u00eb Kosovo 2.0, p\u00ebrpiqemi t\u00eb jemi shtyll\u00eb e gazetaris\u00eb s\u00eb pavarur e me cil\u00ebsi t\u00eb lart\u00eb, n\u00eb nj\u00eb epok\u00eb ku \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb sfiduese t\u2019i mbash k\u00ebto standarde dhe ta ndjek\u00ebsh t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebn dhe llogaridh\u00ebnien pa u frik\u00ebsuar. P\u00ebr ta siguruar pavar\u00ebsin\u00eb ton\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme, po prezantojm\u00eb HIVE, modelin ton\u00eb t\u00eb ri t\u00eb an\u00ebtar\u00ebsimit, i cili u ofron atyre q\u00eb e vler\u00ebsojn\u00eb gazetarin\u00eb ton\u00eb, mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb kontribuojn\u00eb e b\u00ebhen pjes\u00eb e misionit ton\u00eb.<\/p><p><em>An\u00ebtar\u00ebsohuni n\u00eb \u201cHIVE\u201d ose konsideroni nj\u00eb donacion.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-33298d9\" data-id=\"33298d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-871ba66 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"871ba66\" 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donation<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ENG SHQ B\/C\/S Longform Resistance in impossible conditions Mass firings, apartheid and the struggle for the right moment to 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